Comparative proteomic analysis of cornea from male and female patients with high myopia revealed increased expression of proteins associated with extracellular matrix and collagen I, III, V, and VIII in female patients, and the TGF-β/Smad pathway was an important pathway obtained from functional analysis, suggesting that extracellular matrix remodeling and collagen fiber synthesis may be more active in female patients’ cornea. Here, TGFB1 is linked to myopia.