TGFB1 and cancer: A variety of signaling pathways and transcription factors, such as TGF-β and Snail, orchestrate the upregulation of integrin expression during EMT in various cancer types.232 Integrins can promote the invasiveness of cancer cells by activating downstream pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and focal adhesion kinase.233,234 Studies have also shown the involvement of non-coding RNAs (nc), including long nc RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), in ECM remodeling during EMT.