Exposure to emerging pollutants can also promote the synthesis of numerous proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) which is one of the main effectors of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by modifying tight junction proteins transcription which alters intestinal permeability [48, 49].In addition, MDCs such as PCBs are also involved in a decrease of tight junctions expression which can lead to an alteration of the intestinal permeability facilitating the entry of pathogens [50]. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.