TNF and Granuloma: In line with our findings, which demonstrated that early (naive NHP) granulomas feature robust type 1 immune induction (e.g., IL1B, CXCL9–11) and signaling, previous research shows that the chemokines CXCL9–11 are enriched among 4 week primary granulomas and that those granulomas feature elevated CXCR3+ T cell frequencies—putative sources of IFN-γ and TNF.18