VDR and vitamin D deficiency: It has been indicated that a higher vitamin D level is linked to a lower risk of GC and it is believed to play a crucial role in suppressing the growth of g GC cells.[9] Research suggests that GC patients often exhibit vitamin D deficiency.[10] Vitamin D has the potential to impact cancer progression by affecting multiple signaling pathways related to cell apoptosis, metastasis, invasion, and proliferation.[11] The function of vitamin D is mediated through the vitamin D receptor (VDR).