STAT1 and Zika virus infectious disease: With ATF3-binding sites previously identified in the promoter regions of STAT1 in mouse neuronal cells (36) and ATF3 recently shown to promote STAT1 expression in a diabetic injury model (101), we posit that ATF3 directly regulates STAT1 transcription within the JAK/STAT pathway to enhance the antiviral response against ZIKV infection (Fig. 2 and 6).