Ran et al. (2024) used FMT experiments to confirm that Hesperetin improves the blood-milk barrier by regulating intestinal flora to inhibit the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis, ultimately inhibiting the occurrence of mastitis in mice. Li et al. (2023) found that Maslinic acid can promote the expression of barrier proteins in mammary tissue through intestinal flora, thereby inhibiting mastitis. Here, TLR4 is linked to mastitis.