That explains why obesity leads to defective synaptic plasticity and, therefore, deterioration in cognitive function. On the contrary, there was a significant increase in NGF and synaptophysin expression in metformin, dapagliflozin, and semaglutide groups, and, in particular, the dapagliflozin group. Here, SYP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.