TSC1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: It has been shown that TRIM31 expression is significantly higher in HCC tissues than in distal non-cancerous liver tissues of HCC patients, and TRIM31 overexpression possibly correlates with HCC progression (Guo et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2023), and that TRIM31 contributes to the activation of the mTORC1 pathway by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the TSC1-TSC2 complex, an upstream repressor of the mTORC1 pathway (Guo et al., 2018).