This induction relies on the activation of constitutive NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and JAK-2 signaling pathways, thereby regulating liver pathology and influencing all stages of liver disease progression, from initial injury through inflammation and chronic hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus infection to fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocarcinogenesis [37]. The gene discussed is JAK2; the disease is hepatitis C virus infection.