TNF and viral myocarditis: To further study the dose-related effects of nicotine in mice with viral myocarditis, Li et al. administered 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg thrice daily for seven or 14 consecutive days and found that the mice survived a dose-dependent increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A mRNA expression and protein levels, decreased myocardial inflammation, and improved left ventricular function (Li-Sha et al., 2015).