AOC3 and atherosclerosis: Furthermore, elevated serum VAP-1 activity is linked to vascular disorders including diabetes mellitus complications (86, 87), hypertension (56), congestive heart failure (88), multiple cerebral infarctions (89), Alzheimer’s disease (90), and atherosclerosis (91), where sVAP-1 levels correlate with intima-media thickness and the presence of carotid plaques (92, 93).