Thus, it has been shown that cells expressing human VAP-1 overproduce various cytokines related to inflammation in GCA [e.g., IL-6 (101, 102), IL-8 (103, 104), ICAM (102), VCAM (105, 106)] and trophic factors [e.g. VEGF (10, 107), NGF (108)] (109). This evidence concerns the gene AOC3 and temporal arteritis.