Some clinical studies have confirmed that chemokines are closely related to vascular dementia (Chen et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2021).An independent cohort study in Italy showed that a lack of chemokines such as CCR5 can lead to a decrease in neuronal antioxidant stress capacity, thereby increasing the risk of vascular dementia (Tournier et al., 2024). Here, CCR5 is linked to vascular dementia.