TNF and influenza: The cytokine profile commonly described in influenza studies includes increased levels of C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), IL-8, C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10), IFN-α, -β, -γ, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18 (Chan et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2016; Betakova et al., 2017; Fiore-Gartland et al., 2017; Guo X zhi and Thomas, 2017; Gu et al., 2019; Turianová et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2021).