We elucidated the ex vivo phenotypes of monocyte subsets following COVID-19 vaccination and natural infection, and a representative flow cytometry plot with the gating strategy for monocyte subsets is shown in Supplementary Figure S1 As shown in Figure 5, within the monocyte subsets, vaccinated individuals exhibited increased frequencies of classical monocytes (CD45+ HLA-DR+ CD14hi CD16-) and intermediate monocytes (CD45+ HLA-DR+ CD14hi CD16dim) in comparison to naturally infected individuals. This evidence concerns the gene PTPRC and infection.