CCL2 and infection: Elevated levels of hyperglycemia compromise immune cell function, diminish the anti-inflammatory stromal cell protein ANGPTL4, impede the leukocyte migration crucial for infection control, and promote the overexpression of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (ILs), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and MMPs [40,41,42,43].