CSF2 and cancer: In cancer, GM-CSF has been considered as a double-edged sword in the field of immunotherapy as it can, depending on the context, polarize TAMs toward M1 or M2 phenotypes, induce inflammatory neutrophils but enhance immunosuppressive MDSCs, increase pro-inflammatory DCs but also render them tolerogenic, and, finally, stimulate both effector T cells and Tregs [232].