TLR2 and Hepatic fibrosis: In addition to proteins and miRNAs, lipids derived from the exosomes of S. mansoni adult worms, such as lysophosphatidylcholine and prostaglandin D2, can activate eosinophils through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 (PDG1), promoting the release of TGF-β to enhance liver fibrosis and tissue repair [62].