When the level of CD27+CD38+ in the blood samples taken at the post-immunization stage was compared with pre-vaccination values, it was low in both the control/HD2 and NAFLD/HD2 subgroups (control/HD2: p = 0.033, NAFLD/HD2: p = 0.048, Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene CD38 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.