TNF and Cognitive impairment: In the present study, SE alleviated LCI-like behavior, downregulated LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1β levels and the NF-κB-positive immune cell population, and upregulated IL-10 levels in the hippocampus, as shown in the report that discussed how fermented SD and its soyasaponins could alleviate cognitive impairment in rodents by suppressing NF-κB signaling [30,31].