PPARGC1A and sarcopenia: Based on recent progress in understanding the etiology of primary sarcopenia and the discovery of SNS-sensitive isoforms of PGC-1alpha, three possible extracellular signals causing increases in muscle mass and function after MCT supplementation in frail older adults were discussed, as follows: (1) activation of the SNS, (2) an increased plasma acyl-ghrelin concentration, and (3) a nitrogen-sparing effect of ketone bodies.