However, during neuroinflammation triggered by an injury, an infection, or a neurodegenerative disease, microglia are recruited and undergo rapid proliferation, transitioning to an activated phenotype, accompanied by morphological changes, increased phagocytic activity, the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the initial orchestration of an innate immune response characterized by the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [14,15,16,18]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.