SOD1 and memory impairment: In addition, in another study, a 140 mg/kg dose of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOPS) increased SOD levels in ovariectomized (OVX) mice and mice with D-gal-induced learning and memory impairments; upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the mouse hippocampus; decreased the release of MDA, TNF-α, and IL-1β; and inhibited the activation of astrocytes and microglia, which resulted in a significant amelioration of learning and memory impairments and the alleviation of neuroinflammation [102].