TNF and colitis: In contrast, LIANG J et al. reported that Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOPS), with a molecular weight of 393.8 kDa, dose-dependently inhibited the increases in ALT, AST, TG, and TC levels in the serum; reduced the infiltration of CD68+ macrophages and the increases in IL-1β, TNF-α, and MDA levels; increased the SOD and GSH-Px activities; and increased the levels of the Nrf-2, HO-1, and NQO-1 mRNAs and proteins in liver tissues, thus effectively alleviating the secondary inflammation caused by DSS-induced colitis.