A study by Ranjbar et al. showed that patients with MS who are seropositive for H. pylori have lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17) and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) compared to seronegative patients, suggesting an immunomodulatory effect of H. pylori on MS [145]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and myeloid sarcoma.