HGF and neoplasm: Simultaneously, the receptor c-MET is present in epithelial cells, and activation of the HGF/c-MET axis serves various functions within the TME, such as promoting metastatic characteristics, facilitating tumor angiogenesis, impacting cellular metabolism, mediating interactions between tumor cells and stromal cells, and suppressing the immune system’s ability to respond to tumor aggression through diverse mechanisms, ultimately aiding in tumor immune evasion (Figure 2).