HSPA1A and non-small cell lung carcinoma: To investigate how proteotoxic-stress response and its major molecular chaperone Hsp70 may interfere and regulate the activation of autophagy in NSCLC tumor cells, we first explored the effects of HSF1-mediated overactivation of Hsp70 on autophagy levels via two different approaches: exposing tumor cells to heat shock at 43 °C for 1 h or employing the chemical inducer of Hsp70 synthesis, ML346 [29].