STAT3 and infection: When the nuclear translocation of STAT1 was investigated by IF assay, we found that although viral infection increased the p-STAT1 expression, most of the p-STAT1 proteins were localized in the cytoplasm (almost undetectable nuclear STAT1) at 12 h p.i. When STAT3 was inhibited by HJC0152 or Stattic, a significant amount of p-STAT1 was remarkably translocated into the nucleus upon infection (Figure 3B).