MALAT1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Similarly, elevated expression levels of MALAT1 and NEAT1 are correlated with adverse clinical outcomes and poorer prognosis [137]; these observations strongly suggest that these lncRNAs serve as prognostic indicators for risk stratification and treatment optimization, as well as diagnostic biomarkers for COPD, offering potential alternatives or complementary tools to traditional clinical assessments [138].