TGFB1 and liver dysplastic nodule: Using two in vitro cell models, high glucose (HG)-treated renal mesangial cells and TGF-β1-stimulated renal fibroblasts, we found that the EtOAc layer of S. miltiorrhiza significantly suppressed proinflammatory and profibrotic signals while also restoring downregulated PPAR-γ, which is critical in the development of diabetic complications including DN.