INS and diabetes mellitus: In a comparative analysis with widely used therapeutic agents for diabetes mellitus, metformin and insulin (Figure 3E), RDR-induced glucose uptake (2.66-fold of control, p < 0.01) was found to be comparable to the increases observed with insulin (3.28-fold of control, p < 0.01) and metformin (3.14-fold of control, p < 0.01) treatments.