TNF and adenomyosis: The increased expression of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, the IL-18/IL-18R complex, and tumor necrosis factor-α,β (TNF-α,β), in the endometria of women with adenomyosis further implicate the activation of the nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) pathways in developing adenomyotic lesions [74,75].