However, increased PFKFB3 activity is also associated with significant reactive astrogliosis surrounding Aβ plaques in mouse models of AD and pharmacological inhibition or molecular downregulation of PFKFB3, resulting in increased accumulation of Aβ within and around astrocytes and greater vulnerability of these cells to Aβ toxicity. This evidence concerns the gene PFKFB3 and Alzheimer disease.