In the chronically demyelinated PPMS case presented below, VPAC2+ cells exhibited the same histological features seen in RRMS cases, including the scattered distribution of IR astrocytes along the lesion edges (Figure 10B); however, the cell nuclei here appeared slightly smaller (top inset in Figure 10B), suggesting a non-reactive/resting phenotype. The gene discussed is VIPR2; the disease is relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.