VWF and chronic kidney disease: In ESRD patients on HD as well as mild CKD and nephrotic syndrome patients, elevated levels of C-reactive protein, thrombin-antithrombin complex, prothrombin fragment 1.2, D-dimer, fibrinogen, fibrinopeptide A, FVII and FVIII, and vWF indicate intravascular activation of the coagulation cascade [45,77].