However, despite higher plasma IL-1β and IL-18 levels in our cohort at 1-year post-SIV, and in contrast with a previous report showing increased plasma caspase-1 levels after 1 year of untreated HIV-1 infection [17], we did not find significant increase in caspase-1 levels in our cohort. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is HIV-1 infection.