PPARA and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Moreover, isolation of the Escherichia coli strain NF73-1 from the intestines of a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patient can induce M1 macrophages phenotype in liver mice, promoting the development of NAFLD, as shown by Zhang et al. This induction involves the activation of mTOR-S6K1-SREBP-1/PPAR-α signaling, leading to a metabolic shift from triglyceride oxidation to triglyceride synthesis in NAFLD mice [119].