MTOR and cancer: Activated AMPK by metformin not only inhibits protein synthesis, but also inhibits the Warburg effect, including aerobic glycolysis, thus causing glucose deprivation for cancer cells, inhibiting tumor growth by activating AMPK, inhibiting mTOR, and suppressing HIF-1 alpha (which is partially activated by mTOR), which promotes glycolysis-related gene expression [201,202].