MAPK1 and arteriovenous malformations of the brain: There are a few case studies that demonstrate that treatment with a MEK inhibitor, trametinib, could mitigate extracranial AVMs [152,153]; however, further studies are required to identify if RAF/MEK/ERK inhibition is also beneficial in cerebral AVMs, as well as the exact mechanisms by which the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is involved in bAVM pathophysiology.