INS and metabolic disease: The co-existence of OSA or short sleep duration with smoking was related not only with excess body weight, but also with metabolic diseases such as resistance to insulin or type II diabetes mellitus, increased triglycerides, increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and also with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and coronary artery disease [9,12,13,81,83,115,116,117,118,119].