CXCL12 and myelodysplastic syndrome: The CXCR4/CXCL12 signalling pathway sustains haematopoiesis in the BM through MSCs, as well as a reduction in the expression of some haematopoietic factors, such as stem cell factor (SCF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and TPO [50], leading to MDSs by an impairment in the normal process of blood cell formation and the growth and differentiation of HSCs and progenitor cells that contributes to the ineffective haematopoiesis characteristic of MDS and the production of dysfunctional and abnormal blood cells.