Additionally, the upregulation of inflammatory factors and inhibitors of haematopoiesis due to the activation of NF-kB, such as IL-8, IL-6, and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL3), has been demonstrated to attenuate HSPC numbers and function ex vivo in the CD271+ BMSCs from lower-risk MDS (LR-MDS) [41]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and myelodysplastic syndrome.