BRAF and melanoma: In melanoma, driver mutations of the BRAF and NRAS oncogenes are detected in about 40–50% and 10–20% of patients, respectively, leading to the overactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway (RAS/RAF/MEK) together with the parallel PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade, both deeply involved in the processes of cell growth and survival.