TGF-β, VEGF, PDGF, and FGF are implicated in both lung cancer and lung fibrosis, with VEGF potentially promoting cell survival and proliferation through ERK1/2 and PI3K activation and VEGF mRNA being elevated levels in IPF patient endothelial progenitor cells [29]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.