Abnormal leaky vasculature results in poor perfusion and hypoxia, which in turn stimulates the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-8 [61], further stimulating the accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages and exacerbating tumour progression and treatment resistance [66]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and neoplasm.