Besides ID1, TGF-β1 also promotes the activities of several signaling pathways including Smad2/3, TAK1, JNK, p38, MAPKs, RhoA–ROCK, JAK–STAT3, and PI3K–AKT, which contribute to the induction of hepatic fibrosis [160]. The gene discussed is SMAD2; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.