TNF and mastitis: Similarly, Akhter et al. [58] found that S. aureus upregulates the expressions of TLR2, TLR4, p-65 IκBα, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, leading to the activation of NF-κB/MAPKs pathways in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), which ultimately results in mastitis.