MTOR and neoplasm: The proliferation of tumor cells is primarily driven by TKRs, including members of the ERBB family (such as ERBB1/EGFR, ERBB2/HER2) and insulin-like IGF-1R, which activate oncogenic signalling pathways, including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways when overexpressed [71].