CXCL12 and lupus nephritis: They produce CXCL12 and recruit lymphocytes.304 In addition, kidney-resident stromal cells promote TLS formation in lupus nephritis, such as podocytes, mesangial cells, and renal tubular epithelial cells.305 In lupus nephritis, nucleosome-containing immune complexes in the mesangial matrix lead to mesangial cell activation, inducing a high degree of chemokines, including CCL2, CCL7, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5.