The co-injection with rmIL-1F5, an IL-36R antagonist, suppresses the anti-tumor response.515 Furthermore, a CD1c+ DC vaccine increased CD8+ T cell activity, showing promising immune responses in metastatic melanoma patients.513 Ad-IL-15 vaccine induces DC maturation and activates the STING pathway, enhancing CD8+ T cell function against tumors.516 Here, we further summarize and discuss how engineered DCs as vaccines can effectively induce TLSs and suggest their role in upregulating PD-L1 expression. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and metastatic melanoma.