TGF-β could potentially create a conducive environment for the transformation of ECs into HEVs and the formation of TLSs.276 Additionally, TGF-β inhibits SATB1 activity, leading to the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Tfh cells that express LIGHT, CXCL13, and IL-21.113 In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), TGF-β derived from fibroblasts activates T cells, stimulating them to secrete CXCL13.277 Moreover, another study has demonstrated that TGF-β activated T cells, resulting in their differentiation into CXCR5-BCL6- peripheral Th (Tph) cells that express CXCL13. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.