IL-1β plays a key role in promoting the activation of the IκB kinase complex (IKK)/ nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, which leads to insulin resistance through IKK-mediated serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), thus causing inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 by the insulin receptor and impairment of downstream signaling [128, 129]. Here, IRS1 is linked to Insulin resistance.