TNF and hydrops fetalis: For example, studies have illustrated the important roles of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) in cardiac inflammation and HF development, as well as HF-induced lung inflammation and remodeling [[12], [13], [14]].