SPARCL1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: NID1 and SPARCL1 stand as independent predictors for PAH participants’ survival (AUC = 0.73 for both; Extended Data Fig. 9a–j), while the combination of NID1 with SPARCL1 or MEGF9 increased the survival prediction performance to AUC = 0.76 and 0.74, respectively (Extended Data Fig. 9).